Combined Immune Checkpoint Therapy

While CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade have proved successful in improving survival rates, many patients do not respond or develop resistance to these interventions. Research into the combination of two different immune checkpoints as therapeutic targets has shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical studies, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, LAG-3 and PD-1, TIM-3 and PD-1, and A2AR/PD-L1.